Unlike primary stress (caused by internal/external pressure), secondary stress is self-limiting and caused by constraints or geometry changes (e.g., thermal expansion). It is crucial for fatigue analysis.

is based on "Design by Rule" (simpler, more conservative, higher safety factors).

Interviewers often focus on the specific nuances of and Storage Tanks . Heat Exchangers: Why is an expansion bellow required?

NALSAR IICA LLM 2026